Abstract
This study examines the archaeological and paleoanthropological evidence for the earliest known instances of deliberate tool manufacture among hominin species. Drawing on recent excavations at key sites across East and South Africa, we present a revised chronological framework that pushes the origins of systematic tool use back to approximately 3.3 million years ago. Our analysis integrates lithic technology studies, use-wear analysis, and raw material sourcing to demonstrate that early tool-making behaviors were more sophisticated and widespread than previously recognized. The findings challenge the long-held assumption that tool use was exclusive to the genus Homo and suggest that multiple hominin lineages independently developed lithic technologies. We propose a model of convergent technological evolution in which environmental pressures, particularly habitat fragmentation and dietary shifts, drove the parallel emergence of tool-making capabilities across different hominin taxa. These results have significant implications for our understanding of cognitive evolution, manual dexterity, and the selective pressures that shaped the hominin lineage.
Affiliation Institut Catala de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolucio Social
Country Spain
Co-authors- Lumley, Henry de
- Celiberti, Vincenzo
Keywords paleoanthropology, tool use, Oldowan, lithic technology, hominin evolution
DOI Status active