Registration

Registry ID
IMI-2026-008
DOI Status
pending
Registered
2026-07-20

Citation

Ritch-Frel, Jan; Observatory Science Research Group; Philips, Ed (2026). “Footprint Record of Upper Paleolithic Caves in NW Eurasia.” IMI Scholar Registry, IMI-2026-008. Published by Independent Media Institute.

Abstract

This paper synthesises footprint data from nine naturally sealed caves documented in Pastoors and Lenssen-Erz (2021), supplemented by five post-publication studies. The footprint record shows that cave visitors frequently comprised multi-generational groups including small children, with direct evidence of child play at multiple sites. Behavioural patterns are consistent across caves spanning from the Aurignacian through the Mesolithic: small groups, children present in deep zones, spatially structured activity, and rare visitation. At the three sites with high-confidence recording windows, between one and four visits are documented across periods ranging from 700 to 15,000 years. A preservation asymmetry is identified: footprints survive preferentially in deep, undisturbed zones where transient and exploratory activity occurred, while zones of sustained occupation tend to destroy footprint evidence. The dataset spans periods with markedly different demographic conditions, from the Aurignacian when the entire European metapopulation may have numbered in the low thousands through the Late Glacial population expansion, yet the behavioural patterns remain consistent throughout.

Classification

Subjects
20 — Earth & Physical Sciences 2001 Paleontology & Paleoanthropology 40 — Social Sciences & Humanities 4001 Anthropology & Archaeology 4002 History
Methodology
empirical
License
CC BY 4.0
Keywords
cave ichnology Upper Palaeolithic prehistoric footprints behavioral archaeology preservation asymmetry indigenous tracking family groups child activity Pastoors Lenssen-Erz

Access

Declarations

Funding
No external funding. Research conducted independently.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Data Availability
Footprint data synthesised from Pastoors and Lenssen-Erz (2021) and five post-publication studies (Citton et al. 2017, Ledoux 2019, Ledoux et al. 2021, Garcia 1999, Pastoors et al. 2016). All source data cited in references.